To Capitalise or Not To Capitalise: A Useful Guide

The question of when to capitalise a word can be tricky. As such, sometimes even the most exacting of grammar nerds will need to consult a guide. If you’re writing an essay and you’re unsure about a word, then, check the rules below to see whether a capital is required.

Which Words Should Be Capitalised?

The following situations always require a capital letter:

• The first word in a sentence
• The first-person pronoun ‘I’, along with the contractions ‘I’m’ and ‘I’ll’
• Countries (e.g. ‘France’)
• Settlements and landmarks (e.g. ‘Paris’, ‘the Eiffel Tower’)
• Languages (e.g. ‘French’, ‘Spanish’ or ‘German’)
• Proper nouns related to nationality, (e.g. ‘Frenchman’ or ‘Englishman’)
• Months and days of the week (e.g. ‘We met on a Thursday in June’)
• Special dates and historical periods (e.g. ‘Christmas Day’ or ‘the Iron Age’)
• Important historical events (e.g. ‘World War One’)
• The names of companies, brands and institutions (e.g. ‘Coca Cola’)
• Abbreviated titles (e.g. ‘Mr’, ‘Ms’ or ‘Dr’)
• Honorifics in salutations or before a name (e.g. ‘Dear Sir’ or ‘Dr Quinn’)
• People’s names (e.g. ‘Donald’ or ‘Hillary’)
• Special honours and awards (e.g. ‘Bachelor of Physics’)

Although this list covers the most common examples, there are also other situations where terms should be capitalised.

For example, when discussing religions, words like ‘God’ and ‘Allah’, as well as words pronouns relating to deities (e.g. ‘Him’), are often capitalised. This is known as reverential capitalisation.

Sometimes, job titles are also capitalised, especially when used as part of an official title or alongside a name (e.g. ‘Jane Smith, Head of Recruitment, will be attending the meeting’). This isn’t necessary when the same words are used generically, though (e.g. we would write ‘She hopes to become President of the United States’ because it refers to a specific position, but no capitalisation is needed in ‘Many countries have presidents’).

Title Capitalisation

It’s also conventional to capitalise some words in titles, especially with books and films. When it comes to essay titles, many style guides require you to capitalise just the first word of titles and subtitles, plus proper nouns. This is known as ‘sentence case’. A title like this would run:

A guide to English: Perfecting grammar in an academic paper

Find this useful?

Subscribe to our newsletter and get writing tips from our editors straight to your inbox.

Alternatively, some style guide suggest that all of the main words (i.e. any that aren’t articles, conjunctions or prepositions) should be capitalised. This is known as ‘title case’. A title like this would appear as:

A Guide to English: Perfecting Grammar in an Academic Paper

Make sure to check which format your university prefers.

When NOT to Capitalise

Some situations might seem like a word should be capitalised but, in fact, do not require it. Words which don’t need to be capitalised include:

• The seasons (e.g. ‘spring’ or ‘summer’)
• The word ‘god’ when used in relation to the general idea of gods, rather than the Christian God
• Academic subjects which aren’t part of a degree or other qualification title (e.g. ‘He studied maths and science at school’)

It’s also important to be consistent with capitalisation (i.e. to use the same style of capitalisation throughout each document). And make sure to proofread carefully if you’re not sure about certain terms!

Share this article:

• Link to facebook
• Link to linkedin
• Link to twitter

Hi, Maria. That isn't quite correct: honorifics such as 'sir' and 'madam' are capitalised when used as part of a salutation (e.g. writing 'Dear Sir,' at the start of an email) or when used before a name (e.g. 'Sir Michael Palin'). They would not be capitalised if you were using them generically (e.g. if you referred to a mixed-sex group as 'sirs and madams') or if used as a polite form of address (e.g. 'Can I take your order, sir?'). We'll update the post to clarify when they should be capitalised.

Hi, Ethan. No. 'Yacht' is a common noun, so it is only usually capitalised at the start of a sentence. For more on common and proper nouns, see here: https://proofed.com.au/writing-tips/proper-and-common-nouns/

Would you capitalise 'Service' when you're talking about the fire or police service? For example, 'as part of the Service'.

Hi, Charlotte. It would depend on whether you are naming a specific group with 'Service' in its name. For example, you would capitalise it in 'South Australian Metropolitan Fire Service' because that is the proper name of a specific group. But you wouldn't capitalise it if you were saying 'I admire everyone who works in the fire service' because that simply refers to fire services in general. Hope that helps.

Hi, would you capitalise the words clubs and divisions, such as The applicable Legacy Club and Division will. or is it only used when referring to the actually club and division name i.e. The Sydney Legacy Club? Also, should you capitalise job titles? Thanks, Judith

Hi, Judith. You would only usually capitalise those terms when they are proper nouns (i.e. when they name a unique thing). So it would be 'The Sydney Legacy Club' because that is the name of a specific club, but you would write 'The applicable legacy club and division will…' if it is not about one specific club/division. As for job titles, the same applies. If you are using a job title as a formal way of addressing someone, you would usually capitalise it (e.g. Chief Executive Officer Jane Smith). But if you are using it as a description, it should be lower case (e.g. I spoke to the chief executive officer today).

I cannot seem to find an answer as to if I should capitalize a logical fallacy when I mention it in a English paper. For example: "The author in the article mentioned shows the audience a False Dilemma fallacy". Please let me know if the name of the fallacy needs to be capitalized in a paper.

Hi, Sara. There is no need to capitalise the name of a fallacy, so it should be 'false dilemma fallacy'.

Typically, all the words you mention are common nouns, so you would not need to capitalise them. The main exception is when discussing 'Earth' alongside other planets. So while you would write 'Why on earth did I say that?' or even 'The earth rotates on its axis' with a lower case 'e', you would capitalise the 'e' in 'Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars are planets in our solar system.' Different organisations and style guides have different rules about this, though, so it may depend on whom you are writing for. Make sure to check your style guide if you have one, and remember to apply capitalisation consistently throughout your document.

1. Is it grammatically correct to capitalise the word "contingent" as stated below NAB Contingent workers or Google Contingent workers 2. Is it grammatically correct to capitalise the word "stream" when used with Customer saying Customer Stream or Customer stream 3. Is it grammatically correct to capitalise the word "b" when referred to as Business site owners or should it be business site owners when business begins after a bracket. For e.g. SharePoint (Business site owners will remove users) or should it be SharePoint (business site owners will remove users) should we capitalise the first word after bracket at all usually for e.g. Laptop data (Users or users will undertake clean up activity) 4. Is it a mistake to use respective Business units will act as per guidelines or should we say respective business units will act as per guidelines Please let me know with regards to the above.

Hi, Kar. It is difficult to give definite answers without knowing the context in which you're using these words, but I'd suggest using lower case letters in all of those examples, as none of them appear to be proper nouns. I'd include 'customer' in that, too.

"I am due to see my manager today". I was told today it should be "I am due to see my Manager today". Surely the latter is wrong? Because when I see my lecturer, doctor, cleaner and receptionist, it would be absurd to capitalise those, would it not?

Hi there. In most cases, you'd be correct ('my manager' is generic rather than a specific job title, so there would be no reason to capitalise it). It may depend slightly on the situation - e.g. if you were writing something for a company that specified capitalising 'Manager' in its style guide. But, as a general rule, you should not capitalise common nouns like 'manager', 'doctor', 'lecturer', etc.

do you have to capitalise 'me'? i am under a lot of confusion as Microsoft word keeps correcting it to a capital letter 'm'

Hi, Tayah. If you simply mean the pronoun 'me' (as in 'You asked me a question'), then you would only usually capitalise it at the start of a sentence. It might be worth checking your custom dictionary in Microsoft Word if it keeps doing this. See here for more: https://proofed.com.au/writing-tips/microsoft-word-customising-spellchecker/

Hi. I am writing an Annual Report for a specific sporting club. Lets call it Sydney Tiddles Club. It is capitalised here. If I refer to it like this "Your tiddles club continues to assist tiddlers. "should club in that sentence be capitalised because it is referring to the actual sporting club? If in this context " the club raffles on Saturday"? The term club is used in so many different contexts I want to standardise through the document, but sometimes it should be capitalised and sometimes not. Help please?

Hi, Phil. As a general rule, we would suggest only capitalising it when using the full club name (i.e. 'Sydney Tiddles Club'), as this is a proper noun. You could capitalise 'Club' whenever you refer to the 'Sydney Tiddles Club' if you like, but I don't think this will be helpful unless you are doing it to distinguish the 'Sydney Tiddles Club' from other clubs (e.g. saying something like 'The Club will invite other clubs to compete in the tournament', as this will instantly show your reader that 'the Club' is distinct from other clubs without having to repeat the club name in full). Clarity and consistency are the most important things, though, so feel free to submit the report for proofreading if you need more help: https://proofed.com.au/services/proofreading/

This is very helpful. In my example, I have a text where three members form a named group - the XYZ Group for example- but throughout the text it is referred to as the Group. For me, this is incorrect and should be "the group". Am I correct as it seems the same situation as your reply? Excellent site btw.

Hi, Mark. Thank you for your comment. It is a similar situation: since 'the Group' is standing in for a proper noun, it would be okay to use a capital 'G', but I'd only say it was necessary if it helped distinguish 'the Group' from other groups. Ultimately, though, clarity and consistency are most important, so as long as you always capitalise 'Group' when referring to 'XYZ Group' and not for other groups, it is a matter of preference.

Hmmm. OK, how about glossary terms? Should you only capitalise the irst letter of the phrase "Systems management" or each word Systems Management. Assuming of course that Systems Management isn't a pronoun!

Hi, Dave. There are no strict rules about how to capitalise terms in a glossary, but I would suggest sticking to standard capitalisation: i.e. only capitalise the first letter of the first word unless it is a proper noun. So you'd write 'Systems management' (a generic term) but 'Microsoft Office' (a proper noun). That way, the glossary terms would reflect how they are used in the rest of the document and/or related documentation.

I'm told that you should not capitalise the titles of past office bearers. So it would be prime minister Bob Hawke and Bob Hawke, prime minister. If this is correct, I assume this applies to past government ministers as well, such as Phillip Ruddock, attorney-general?

Hi, Sharnie. Generally, you would still capitalise the title of a former office holder when the title precedes their name (e.g. 'the government was led by Prime Minister Bob Hawke'). But you would not usually capitalise a job title if you were giving it after the name of the holder regardless of whether they are current or former office holders. There is room for variation on this if you're not following a specific style guide, though.

Hi, I'm wondering on an email salutation i.e. John Smith|a/supervisor|Customer Care or John Smith|A/Supervisor|Customer Care or John Smith |a/Supervisor|Customer Care ? thanks

Hi, Kieran. I'm afraid I'd need to know a little more about the situation. A salutation is the greeting at the beginning of an email or letter (e.g. Dear, To Whom It May Concern) and a valediction is the sign off at the end (e.g. Yours truly, Kind regards). If you're asking about the job title 'A/Supervisor', then it would depend on how you or your employer prefers to capitalise the term.

When compiling a school magazine, would you capitalise Maths in the context of ". with their mind-bending Maths homework."

Hi, Carey. 'Electrician by day, nerd by night' is fine as it is: no capital letter for 'nerd' required.

if I was to write ‘thank you for attending the Christening of my Son’ , should ‘Christening’ and ‘Son’ be capitalised ? Thanks !!

Hi, Renee. It might depend on the context slightly, but in regular writing there would be no reason to capitalise those terms, as both 'christening' and 'son' are common nouns. If you'd like any help phrasing a letter or thank you note, you could always submit it for editing: https://proofed.com.au/services/copy-editing/

When referring to a team of people should I capitalise the group and word team for example I met with the Human Resources Team or the human resources team.

Hi, Suzie. It would depend on the situation. If you are writing about a group called the 'Human Resources Team' (i.e. if that is its official name within the organisation), you might want to capitalise it. If you are using it generically (i.e. as a description of the team that handles human resources), you should use lower case.

If I am drafting a flyer for an event- what is the correct way to write this as the title to the flyer. Is it. Find your village morning tea Or Find your Village Morning Tea?

Hi, Marigold. It would ultimately be a matter of preference, but 'Find Your Village Morning Tea' might be the best way of capitalising it ('Your' is a pronoun, which is one of the word types often capitalised in title case).

Hi, Thank you for the valuable advice above. I am wondering about capitalising a job title when it is replacing a person's name. For example, "You are correct, Detective." rather than "You are correct, detective." as it's replaced the name John. I can't find information about this anywhere, including the Australian style manual, so would love your thoughts. Thank you Angela

Hi, Angela. It may depend on the context, but in the example you give I would favour 'You are correct, detective.' When someone is addressing someone by their job title alone, it is descriptive rather than a proper noun (e.g. they would say the same thing to another detective). If you included the detective's name as well, you would capitalise it as it functions as part of a proper noun (e.g. 'You are correct, Detective Smith'). Ultimately, though, in a piece of literary writing, it is a matter of preference as long as your chosen style is clear and consistent. Let us know if we can help with proofreading anything you've written!

I am wondering about the word episode for my dissertation. For example, in Episode 1 Patty wears a red suit. Or is it: In episode 1 Patty wears a red suit, Thank you!

Hi, Theresa. It would depend slightly on the context. If the episode is titled 'Episode One' (e.g. like in Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace), you would capitalise it like any other title. If you are simply referring to the episode generically (i.e. describing it as an episode rather than using its official title), you would not need a capital. Also, in a dissertation, I'd suggest writing the numbers out in full if they are under ten (e.g. 'episode one'), but this may depend on the style guide you are using.

We have just had a Scrabble argument about capitals. I wanted to use the word brownian as in brownian movement. My argument was that words derived from a person loose their capital,e.g. Naboth and nabothian. Most textsrefer to brownian movement and Brownian. Which is correct and why the inconsistency?

Hi, Nigel. In the case of words derived from proper names, capitalisation is essentially a matter of convention, but in most cases you would maintain the capital. This is true of 'Brownian motion', where the standard is to capitalise it. Any inconsistency will simply be a matter of stylistic preference among authors and publishers.

Hi, this looks like a great debate and source of information. I'm in a grammar quandary. I have a report I'm reviewing that uses a technical term at the start of the sentence. it states "quantitative determination of free Prostate Specific Antigen (f-PSA)" so that the technical term is defined as f-PSA. Later, a sentence commences with "F-PSA determinations are especially recommended " whereas I would like to change it to "f-PSA determinations are" . Without re-writing the sentence, which is corret?

Hi, Matt. As a guideline, it is better not to vary capitalisation in technical terms (e.g. if the document uses both 'f-PSA' and 'F-PSA' without explanation, a reader could assume there is some difference), so your instinct to use lower case is correct. However: - This may depend on whether you're using a specific style guide and (if so) what it suggests. - Ideally, you would rewrite the sentence to avoid beginning a sentence with a lower case abbreviation. Hope this helps with your quandary!

Hi there! I have searching forever for an answer to this and can't find one! Maybe you can help. Would you capitalise the names of units in a course of study? For example, would you say "She excelled in our Number Sense and Numeration unit" or would you leave those words in lowercase? Thanks!

Hi, Rebecca. It depends on whether those are the official names of the units or just descriptions. If, for example, the unit were listed in the course materials and 'Number Sense and Numeration', it would be fine to capitalise it. Otherwise, you may be better off saying 'number sense and numeration'.

Thanks! The particular example I'm thinking of is in report card comments. The math teacher is commenting on how the students are doing in each of the strands of the curriculum. From your previous response, it sounds like they should capitalise the names in the course syllabus and other official lists/documents, but the report card comments they wouldn't be. Is that correct? Right now, they have Data Management, Geometry, Problem Solving, etc. all capitalised and it looks a little weird to me.

Hi! Do you have to capitalise names of documents/reports? For example, when emailing someone their ASIC annual review, would I write - here is your ASIC Annual Review, or how i wrote it previously?

Hi, Dallas. If it is an official document name (e.g. a form titled 'ASIC Annual Review'), you can capitalise each word, but otherwise 'ASIC annual review' is probably the better choice, as 'annual review' is just a generic phrase.

Hi, do I need to capitalise the first letter for a specific role - for example ‘The Assessor needs to confirm with the Candidate. ‘. or should it be ‘The assessor needs to confirm with the candidate. ’ It’s for an organisations Training Assessment documentation - and I’m getting conflicting feedback as to whether the role titles need to be capitalised or not. Your advice would be much appreciated. Thank you.

Hi, Deb. You would not usually need to capitalise job roles if they are just being used descriptively.

Hi, I have noticed that lawyers seem to have a 'Teutonic' predilection for capitalising all references to any people or subjects discussed in a contract, or even a job description. 'The Vendor', 'The Purchaser' etc. But what about with schools and colleges, or even trusts. I've also that they like to make themselves look important with a capital letter. 'The School was founded in 1588' 'The College was founded in 1879' or The Trust was founded for the purposes of. Would you capitalise in all those cases, because each is referring to a specific school, college or trust, rather than those things generically?

Hi, Paul. It all depends on the context! In legal documents, for instance, writers sometimes capitalise terms that refer to a specific person in the case or contract. Likewise, with institutions capitalising words like 'School' or 'Trust', it is often to distinguish themselves (i.e. 'the School' or 'the Trust') from other 'schools' or 'trusts'. Personally, in the latter case, I'd suggest only capitalising if the word is in the full name of the institution (e.g. I'd only refer to 'the School' if the school had 'School' in its name), but this is largely a stylistic preference.

HR Department of HR department? And why is earth a common noun? If Berlin is a proper noun, why not earth too? But I am inclined to spell earth with lower case. Thank you.

Hi, Michael. You would only capitalise 'Department' in 'HR Department' if you were using it as a proper noun (i.e. as the name of a particular group within an organisation). If you are generically referring to 'an HR department', then 'department' is just a common noun. As for 'Earth/earth', different style guides recommend different approaches, but it often depends on the context in which it is used: e.g. the MLA recommends only capitalising 'Earth' when referring to the planet – as compared to when using it to mean 'ground' or 'dirt' – and using it alongside other capitalised celestial objects. Using this approach, then, we would say 'The Earth is the third planet from the Sun', but we'd also say 'Why on earth are you doing digging up all that earth?' We've actually got a full post on the capitalisation of celestial objects, so you can give that a look if you'd like to learn a bit more!

Hi there. Which one is correct, "He is a Math Teacher" or "He is a Math teacher"? Please give me the specific rule for this. Thank you.

Hi, Leo. As they're both common nouns, neither 'math' nor 'teacher' would usually be capitalised (as a side note, in Australian English, we'd also say 'maths teacher' rather than 'math teacher').

Hi! Great site and fab conversations. I am reviewing a document that refers to a council as 'Council'. As in 'Tomorrow Council will deliver the budget' or '. funds received from federal and state government as well as Council'. The issue (as I see it) is that 'council' is not in the title of the council who are know as 'The City of Bruce Lee'. I suspect this is a stylistic preference to use the capital Council throughout the document. But is it grammatically incorrect? In addition, 'the' is never used when referring to council. It sounds weird not to write 'the council'. is it also incorrect?

Hi, Pip. It's hard to say without seeing the document, but it seems like the author has used 'Council' as a proper name in this case (i.e. as a short stand-in for 'The City of Bruce Lee'). As long as it is always used to refer to that specific council (not other councils), though, the capitalisation and lack of definite article are fine. You could argue that adding 'the' would make it read more smoothly, but it isn't necessary.

What is the protocol for capitalising the word 'Will' as in 'leave a gift in your Will to a charity'. Should this be capitalised? Yes or no - what is the logic? Thank you.

Hi, Linda. 'Will' is a common noun, so you would only usually capitalise it at the start of a sentence.

I work in a school library. Do I need to capitalise library when referring to it in emails such as 'please return your books to the library' or 'the library is hosting an event' etc? Many thanks:-)

Hi, Jane. You wouldn't usually need to capitalise library in that context. The one exception may be if you were giving the full or official name of the library: e.g. 'We are proud to announce that Springfield Elementary Library is hosting. ' or similar.

If someone addressed a king (in fiction) as 'sir', should it be capitalized? And if you know exactly which earl and which countess, is it correct to write, 'The Earl and Countess approached them', or should one use small letters?

Hi, Emily. A lot of this would depend on context. Typically, with an honorific like 'earl' or 'countess', you only need to capitalise them when used alongside a name or in a full title (e.g. you would say 'The Earl of Wessex spoke clearly. ' because 'Earl of Wessex' is an official title/unique person, but you wouldn't capitalise the same word in a sentence like 'He had never dreamed of becoming an earl' or 'The king glanced at an earl to his left' since 'earl' is generic in these cases). However, you can often bend the standard rules of capitalisation in fiction if required. And if the characters in question are primarily known as 'the Earl' and 'the Countess', then capitalising these terms is a good way to show that you're referring to specific individuals (and to differentiate them from any other earls of countesses in the story). The same applies to 'sir' in that you would capitalise it in a full title or name (e.g. 'Sir Lancelot'), but not if using it generically (e.g. 'Are you wounded, sir?'). The only other thing I'd note there is that, historically, a king would not usually be a 'sir'. More common honorifics, in real life and fiction, would be things like 'Your Majesty', 'Your Highness', or 'sire', so they may work as alternatives (unless there is a reason to use 'sir' in context).

Thank you for your reply! I am performing a light copy-edit of a fiction book, and I didn't want to change anything the author had written if it was acceptable. I have queried the use of 'Sir' to address the king, and now said to make them all lowercase. My instinct and my further research all said small letters should be used, but it did seem odd in the context to correct the capital letters in 'Earl' 'Countess' 'Duke' and 'Duchess' when the reader would know exactly who was being referred to and the title was being used in place of their names. Having read your reply, I think I will leave them capitalized (obviously excluding references to the position/rank, as opposed to a person).

When writing a thank you to someone, when or if do you capitalise thank you. The example, I would like to thank you again for your acceptance of our offer. Thank you.

Hi, Kate. You would only usually capitalise 'thank you' at the start of a sentence (and even then just the 'Thank').

Do I capitalise any of the words in 'our national publicity comittee can met to discuss' Thanks in advance,

Hi again, Kate. None of those words would usually need capitalising, although presumably 'met' should be 'meet'.

How would I write this sentence. In specific case "assisting small business owners" or "assisting small Business Owners." Also when you write down all your work experience, would you write this as capital letters eg: I worked as a Business Administration, Recepitoning and Scheduler or again in lower case. I find this really confusing.

Hi, Sabrina. For the first example, 'small business owners' seems to be generic (i.e. you're referring to small business owners in general, so it doesn't name a specific, unique individual or entity), so it is a common noun and capitalising it would be an error. You would only capitalise a term in that situation if it were a proper noun, such as the name of a specific company (e.g. 'assisting content creation at Proofed'). In the second case, you might capitalise an official job title (e.g., 'I was Team Coordinator at. ' or 'As Head of Department at. '). But your example looks like you're referring to generic roles, work areas or tasks, so it should probably be something more like 'I worked in business administration, reception and scheduling'.

I am struggling to find this anywhere, but I have an example. The style guide states to capitalise the full name of the module: for example, 'Leadership and Teamwork in the Uniformed Public Services'. However, would I still capitalise if shortening the title? For example, 'Leadership and Teamwork' or 'leadership and teamwork', and would I capitalise if I just said 'within the Leadership assignment'?.

Hi, Joe. If you're shortening something that would usually be capitalised and your style guide doesn't offer specific guidance, we'd suggest maintaining the capitalisation in the shortened version (this makes it easier for the reader to see the relationship between the full and shortened forms). In this case, we'd suggest ‘Leadership and Teamwork’ if you're using this as a short name for the module. You might not want to shorten it more than that, though, as ‘within the Leadership assignment’ is less clear, especially if you're already using ‘Leadership and Teamwork’ as an abbreviated version elsewhere. We'd therefore suggest ‘within the Leadership and Teamwork assignment’ if you're naming the module there, or just ‘within the leadership assignment’ if you simply mean 'within the assignment that focuses on leadership' or similar.

Hi, Jodie. It will depend on what style of capitalisation you're using (e.g. title case or sentence case). You can find some more advice on the topic here: https://proofed.com.au/writing-tips/headings-title-case-sentence-case/

Should the first letter following a question mark in a medical report be capitalised? Also might this be determined by using a full stop after the preceding word? For instance: "Fall ?fracture" OR "Fall ?Fracture" OR "Fall. ?fracture" OR "Fall. ?Fracture". Which one would be correct? Thank you.

Hi, Helen. I'm not entirely sure I understand the context. Are you using these words within a sentence? If so, then question marks are a form of terminal punctuation. As such, they replace full stops at the end of a question, and the first letter of the first word in the next sentence should be capitalised (just as it would be after a full stop).

My apologies. I'm not being clear. Medical reports often include a question mark before the subject to suggest or indicate a possible or differential diagnosis. For instance an x-ray request might read- Pain following fall. ?fracture (read as "query fracture"). My question is should the first letter after the question mark be capitalised? So in this case should it read, "Pain following fall. ?fracture ". OR "Pain following fall. ?Fracture". Thank you.

Hi there, In the case of the sentence below, would the word 'narrative' need to be capitalized? John Citizen can follow the correct structure to plan, draft and write a Narrative that includes characters, setting, problem and solution. Many thanks.

Hi, Tara. 'Narrative' is a common noun, so it would only usually be capitalised at the start of a sentence.

Hello, Is it usual to capitalise the genre of different types of literature. For example, 'The Adventure genre, Mystery .. and Fantasy. '? Thank you.

Hi, Kirsty. No, those terms wouldn't be capitalised in most writing except at the start of a sentence, although there may be some exceptions depending on the context.

Hello, in a letter, if I shorten "Somewhere Village" to "the Village" should I capitalise "The" and "Village"? I have the same question with "Somewhere Public School" and "Somewhere Anglican Church". Rather than writing out these full titles every time, I would like to refer to "the School" and "the Church" but I'm not sure how the capitalisation should work.

Hi, David. Generally, you only need to capitalise those terms as part of the full proper name, so you'd write, e.g., 'I am going to St Julian's Church' and capitalise 'church' as part of the proper name, but you wouldn't capitalise 'church' generically in a sentence like 'I always feel welcome at the church' (even if you were referring to the same specific church). There is a little flexibility here potentially. In informal or creative writing, for instance, you could capitalise the generic terms if you wanted to distinguish between a specific thing and other examples of said thing without using the full proper name each time: e.g. you could say 'I have attended St Julian's Church for many years, and I strongly believe the Church is the best church in the area', where capitalising the first 'Church' in the second clause helps to distinguish it from the generic use of 'church' at the end of the clause. However, this would only be necessary for clarity. And if it will be clear which village, church, etc., you mean in context, there is no need to capitalise these terms.

Hi, Scarlett. There's usually no need to capitalise the second part of a compound word at the start of a sentence. In addition, 'problem solving' isn't usually hyphenated unless it's being used adjectivally (e.g. 'problem-solving skills'), so you might not need the hyphen either.

Would you use capitals when describing a role/responsibility/position. 1. The Admin Assistant must answer all incoming calls? 2. All Vendors must email their statistic reports by end of business. 3. All company Employees must arrive on time? Appreciate your help!

Hi, Ben. No, none of those should require a capital letter since they are all common nouns. Typically, you would only capitalise a job title if it precedes a proper name (e.g. 'Head of Sales Thomas Quaverly will respond to all inquiries'), but that isn't the case in any of the sentences in your comment. We have a full post on this topic here if you would like to know more: https://proofed.com.au/writing-tips/when-to-capitalise-job-titles-in-writing/

Hi, Valenti. No, you wouldn't usually need to capitalise 'people' in that context, although you might want to use the specific name of the group or culture you're discussing as a mark of respect (e.g. 'the Rapa Nui people of Easter Island'). We have a post on a related topic here in case you are interested: https://proofed.co.uk/writing-tips/writing-tips-indigenous-people-or-indigenous-peoples/

Hi there! Writing a school year book - in reference to a student winning a medal (ie gold, silver, bronze) should that accolade appear with a capital or lower case ie "John Citizen won Gold/gold in the 100m freestyle"?

Hiya! If i was writing about Appraisal training, would the word 'Appraiser' need to be capitalised as it is the job role?

Hi, Chloe. No, not usually. There are no universal rules on this (e.g. some companies choose to capitalise certain titles as a mark of esteem), but job roles are usually only capitalised when used alongside a proper name or as part of an official title, not when you're simply referring to the role generically. For instance, you might say 'Please welcome Head Appraiser, Jane Smith', since the job name is part of an official title there, but if you were simply saying something like 'We will need to recruit several appraisers for this project', there would be no need to capitalise the word 'appraiser' since it is being used generically. We've tried to clarify the post on this issue now, but we've also got a dedicated post about when to capitalise job titles that you might find helpful: https://proofed.com.au/writing-tips/when-to-capitalise-job-titles-in-writing/

Hi, if the name of a specific place has been capitalised in an article - for example Jerusalem Botanic Gardens and is then referred to by a partial phrase is the shortened form still capitalised? For example The Jerusalem Botanic Gardens have a range of educational programs. One of the reasons the Gardens' programs are so successful is the international collaboration involved. Thanks in advance

Hi, Dan. Unless you're following a specific style guide that advises otherwise, it's usually fine to shorten a proper name of a place to avoid repetition if you prefer (just like you might say 'President Joe Biden' on the first instance and shorten it to just 'the President' later on in an article). The only proviso is to make sure the shortened form is unambiguous (e.g. if your article mentions multiple gardens, then shortening 'Jerusalem Botanic Gardens' to just 'Gardens' could be confusing).

Hi, at my workplace, we are debating if we should capitalise on employees, volunteers and contractors within a policy. i.e. "All employees, volunteers and contractors have a responsibility to promote the safety, well-being and empowerment of children and young people." or "All Employees, Volunteers and Contractors have a responsibility to promote the safety, well-being and empowerment of children and young people."?? HELP lol

Hi, Alyce. Those are all common nouns, so there's no need to capitalise them mid-sentence. You can find more information on proper and common nouns here: https://proofed.com.au/writing-tips/proper-and-common-nouns/

Love this website! I'm wondering if I need to capitalise - John was served with a Notice of Suspension.

Hi, Kylie. There wouldn't usually be any need to capitalise that term, no, although it may depend on the context, so you should check your style guide for guidance on capitalising specific terms (if you have one).

Hi, Jason. Neither of those words would usually need to be capitalized (unless used within a title or proper name).

Hi, Jason. None of those terms would usually need to be capitalised if you're using them generically (rather than, say, as part of a title or proper name).

I am writing a piece on Surf Live Saving Clubs that provide surf lifesaving. can you clarify which of the following need to be Capitalised: . future of three surf lifesaving clubs in the area that keep our beaches. The Xfdjkal Xfjkdla; has proudly supported Surf Life Saving Clubs with equipment. The Xhfjdka surf lifesaving clubs' improved facilities support beach safety. Brown Beach Surf Life Saving Club or Brown Beach Surf Lifesaving Club?

Hi, Catherine. I can't really offer any clear guidance on here without knowing the context, so you may want to submit your document for proofreading. But it seems like the key difference here is between proper nouns (i.e. nouns that name a singular, specific thing or person, so this would likely include 'Brown Beach Surf Lifesaving Club' if that's the name of a specific club) and proper nouns (i.e. nouns that name something generic, such as 'surf lifesaving club' when it's not referring to a specific club). As in the examples in the previous sentence, the key is to only capitalise proper nouns. For more on proper and common nouns, see here: https://proofed.com.au/writing-tips/proper-and-common-nouns/

What about capitalization for names of business forms? What should be done with, for example, Verizon's emergency situation disclosure form? What about a departmental form such as a domestic violence supplemental report form or an application by peace officer for emergency evaluation? Does the rule change if the business entity is included prior to the name of the form vs. just the form name? This is always a quandy as I'm transcribing and a form name shows up in the middle of a sentence. I've searched online to no avail and really would love to know the rule(s) and be able to share the knowledge at my workplace where transcriptions in these instances run the gamut. Thanks in advance!

Hi, Lori. I'm afraid the bad news is that there are no hard rules here! Or not beyond the ones we describe in the post at least. Essentially, if the name of the form is being used like a title or proper name (e.g. Verizon refers to its 'Emergency Situation Disclosure Form' consistently in all official documentation), then you would capitalise it accordingly. If the name is purely descriptive, then there's no need to capitalise. Having the company name beforehand (or otherwise) doesn't matter, though. I realise this probably doesn't answer your question as fully as you might have liked, though, so it may be worth asking on a case-by-case basis: a) Does the company/organisation in question have a style guide? Or do you have access to official documentation from the company? If so, you might be able to find advice on how to present form names (or at least examples of how the company/organisation in question usually capitalises form names). b) Would capitalising the form name help to ensure clarity (e.g. would using 'Emergency Situation Disclosure Form' help distinguish the form in question from other forms mentioned in the same document, especially forms that relate to similar situations)? If so, and there's not a style guide that says otherwise, capitalising would be helpful. If neither of these apply, then I'd recommend not capitalising form names unless there's another clear reason for doing so.

Hello, I'm wondering whether you can use lower case when referring to people who belong to a group. E.g. The local Boy Scouts organised a trip this weekend; four scouts went camping and four went sailing. When referring to the first four scouts, do you capitalise the word "Scouts" here or not? Thank you!

Hi, Henry. There aren't any hard rules on this. Scouts Australia recommends capitalising 'Scout' when referring to the scouting movement, so, if you were following that standard, you would write 'four Scouts went camping and four went sailing'. But if you're using a different style guide, or you prefer not to capitalise the term, then 'four scouts went camping and four went sailing' should be fine as well (as long as there's no chance of confusing the Boy Scouts with another kind of scout in context, in which case capitalising could be helpful for clarity).

Help! I teach at a high school. We are in the process of writing reports. The members of the executive want us to capitalise such things as "the Healthy Minds Assessment Task". I am inclined to capitalise "Healthy Minds", which is the title of the task, but not "assessment task", and thus writing "Healthy Minds assessment task". I've looked at a few style guides but can't find a definitive answer. Is anyone able and willing to help me out? Ultimately I'll need a concrete reference to support my belief. Thanks in advance, Brett